Truffles are edible ectomycorrhizal fungi that grow mostly in temperate areas of Mediterranean Europe, western North America, South Africa, and Australia, though they are most commonly harvested in Italy, France, and Spain. Certain types of truffles, such as the white truffle, grow mainly in the wild. The truffle industry worldwide generates hundreds of millions of euros annually and positively impacts urban and rural areas in Italy by increasing tourism and hospitality. It also contributes to maintaining biodiversity in wild areas and to sustaining traditional land management practices. However, the harvest of white truffles (Tuber magnatum Pico) specifically has been declining for several decades due to climate change and changing conditions such as reduced tree biodiversity, poor soil and water management practices, and industrial agricultural methods. Social changes and loss of Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) have also had a negative impact on the harvesting of white truffles. This research was conducted in Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, and Tuscany (Italy) through conducting interviews with truffle hunters and harvesters and gathering data from local stakeholders. The habitat of the white truffle is endangered by human activities, the reduction of forested areas, and climate change. Forests or groups of trees where truffles grow need to be kept and replanted properly with respect for the biodiversity that supports the truffle habitat. Diminishing shady areas accelerates heating and drying of the soil. The reduction of forested area also changes the microclimate and reduces moisture, starting a chain reaction leading to further reduction in truffle biodiversity. Poor management of waterways also destroys areas for truffle growth. The largest impact is on wild varieties such as Tuber magnatum Pico, the white truffle.