As the ability to realize the national scientific and technological strategic goals, scientific and technological strength is not only an important part of the country’s comprehensive national strength, but also the basis for scientific and technological innovation to continuously improve the comprehensive national strength. In this work, I have carried out quantitative evaluations of the leapfrog development of China’s scientific and technological strength from 2000 to 2020. Transitioning from catch-up development to innovation-oriented development, from the world’s second phalanx to the first phalanx, from quantitative accumulation to qualitative leap, China’s science and technology has achieved historic leapfrog development. This fully demonstrates the political advantages of the Party’s overall leadership, the strategic advantages of the country’s innovation-driven development, the advantages of the new national system under the socialist market economic system, and the advantages of scientific and technological human resources. Based on China’s insistence on taking self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology as the support of the national development strategies, as well as the advantages and favorable conditions of future development, policy suggestions have been put forward for the national scientific and technological innovation goals. This has been alongside additional measures for strengthening the national strategic scientific and technological strength and implementing the innovation-driven development strategies. We can look forward to the completion of the long-term goals of China’s science and technology in 2025 and 2035, that is, the strength of science and technology will jump sharply, and China will enter the forefront of the world’s innovative countries.