2020 was an extraordinary year, and it was also the year for China to comprehensively construct a moderately prosperous society. This article evaluates China’s economic and social development in 2020, including China’s accomplishments: achieving major strategic results in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic; taking the lead in achieving economic recovery in the world; implementing stabilizing proactive fiscal policy; achieving a decisive victory in poverty alleviation; making significant progress in technological innovation; making significant progress in terms of agricultural modernization; the comprehensive strength of industry becoming more prominent; people’s livelihood security benefiting all the people; actively expanding domestic demand; making major achievements in ecological civilization construction; making major progress in opening up to the outside world; achieving important breakthroughs in reform; making great historic achievements in comprehensively constructing a moderately prosperous society; and challenges at home and abroad in the future. Studies have shown that China has achieved the goal of comprehensively constructing a moderately prosperous society as scheduled in 2020, which was a historic achievement.