Bionanopolymers are biologically synthesized and biocompatible materials capable of transporting bioactive substances to target cells, tissues, and cell compartments. Additionally, researchers find biopolymer-based nanoparticles to be a very intriguing tool for therapeutic agents because they can be tailored to certain sizes and remain viable for an extended amount of time. Nanotechnology as a multidisciplinary science is advancing quickly and facilitates the creation of polymers at the nanoscale scale for an array of medical uses. Biopolymers are used to synthesize nanomedicine and deliver drugs since they are less immunogenic and biodegradable than synthetic polymers. Suspensions of biopolymers can be readily prepared to act as carriers of macro and micro medicinal molecules. The intention of targeted drug delivery is to lessen adverse pharmacological effects while simultaneously lowering treatment costs and drug intake. Additionally, by reducing unintended exposure to healthy cells, the negative effects associated with crude medicines are eliminated by tailored drug conveyance. The goal of drug delivery is to maximize bioavailability at certain sites in the body for a sustained period. One possible method for doing this is molecular targeting using nanoengineered devices. This chapter examines the latest advancements and uses of nanobiopolymers, including starch, chitosan, cellulose, and silk, in the fields of drug delivery and nanobiomedicine.