Due to their impact on cells and molecules within organs and tissues, nanomedicine has promised for many years to revolutionize the treatment of millions of people. Current research focuses on how nanotechnology can be implemented in the medical field. Pharmaceutical technology is expanding quickly as a result of the expanding range of drug delivery possibilities. Multiple factors influence the success of drug delivery. One of them is the accurate identification of materials for research and engineering of innovative medication delivery systems. Because of the complexities of some diseases and the intrinsic toxicity of many drugs, there is an increasing interest in designing and improving drug delivery systems. Excipients that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioavailable are of critical importance for drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as an important tool for enhancing drug bioavailability or site-specific delivery. This chapter provides a summary of nanobiopolymers in nanomedicine and their applications as drug delivery systems, concentrating especially on applications in which the underlying condition is linked to considerable morbidity, a major deterioration in patient quality of life, or even a high fatality rate.