In India, the Larger Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota indica, the Lesser Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota bengalensis and species of Rattus are pests on agricultural crops, in godowns. The ecology of the lesser bandicoot rat in Calcutta. Bombay Natural History Society and the John Hopkins University Centre, Calcutta, 1968 and poultry (Chopra, Rodents in Indian agriculture. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp 309–330, 1992; Parshad, Integr Pest Manag Rev 4:97–126, 1999; Sridhara, Vertebrate pest management: the Indian scenario. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp 205–226, 2006). In Malaysia, B. indica caused 30% damage to fruit bunches of oil palm. Bandicoots dig simple to complex burrows on the bunds, inside paddy fields, along the boundary of vegetable crops, on the slopes of ponds and other water bodies including sewage canals. The species is extremely aggressive towards same and small mammals when confronted. Much like other rodents, it exhibits two behavioural adaptations to poison baiting viz. Neophobia and Bait Shyness towards acute poisons. It is a vector/reservoir of several viral, bacterial, and Rickettsial diseases and hosts several species of dangerous helminth parasites. In spite of such damage to agriculture and human/animal health, in-depth studies on its behavioural ecology are needed. Although detailed data on its burrow ecology and feeding behaviour are available, information on population dynamics, breeding, and reproduction, as well as social behaviour are scanty.