To study the development and collapse mechanism of karst collapse in Jingquan Water Source Area of Tengzhou City, a two-dimensional fluid solid coupling model was established using the finite element software ABAQUS. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the development process of karst collapse, and the mechanism of soil cave collapse under the effects of rainfall and excessive groundwater exploitation in the study area was summarized. The results indicate that the periodic fluctuation of groundwater level caused by rainfall and excessive groundwater exploitation is manifested as a decrease in soil strength, ultimately leading to karst collapse. The use of strength reduction method can effectively conduct quantitative analysis of karst cave collapse stability.