Satellite Observations of Severe Storms: Indian Perspectives
摘要
The Imager and Sounder for enhanced meteorological observations are the main meteorological payloads of the multipurpose geosynchronous satellite INSAT-3D/R. INSAT-3D/R carries 6 channel imager and 19 channel sounder payloads. INSAT-3D/R offers fine resolution vertical profiles over India and the adjacent area, along with other polar satellite soundings. For use in numerical weather product models and day-to-day weather forecasting, these derived products’ accuracy is crucial. For the NWP model assimilation cycle for a tropical nation like India, where high-impact convective outbreaks are frequent, good quality high-density observations on both a spatial and temporal scale are needed. Given the significance of satellite data, precise estimation of satellite observations may be the only practical alternative approach for locations with a lack of data. We now have an exclusive perspective on meteorological occurrences in the Indian subcontinent because of the existence of multi-spectral imager channels in INSAT3D/3DR and now INSAT3DS satellite with a staggered pattern of temporal frequency at every 15 min. In this study, Real-time Analysis of Products & Information Dissemination (RAPID), a web-based quick visualization and analysis tool for INSAT satellite data on a real- time basis has been introduced for identification of pre-monsoon severe weather events. The combination of channels using red–green–blue (RGB) composites of INSAT3D/3DR satellites and its physical significant value contents are presented. The solar reflectance and brightness temperatures are the major components of the RGB composite. The threshold technique has been developed separately for both the RGB products of the year (of March to June) of data for the detection of the thunderstorms prior to the events. A validation analysis was conducted using Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP) of Storm Bulletins for pre-monsoon weather systems prepared by India Meteorological Department (IMD) and RADAR observations, showing that the RGBs have a reasonable agreement with ground-based observations and RADAR data. This threshold technique yields a very good probability of thunderstorm detection more than 95 and 92% with acceptable false alarm conditions less than 5 and 10% for Day Microphysics (DMP) and Night Microphysics (NMP) respectively. Furthermore, limitations of these RGB products are also highlighted, and future scope of refinement of these products in perspective of upcoming Indian geostationary satellite missions is proposed. The thresholds techniques are found useful for day-to-day weather forecasting and being used operationally.