Through simulated horizontal impact tests on steel-reinforced concrete column components, the dynamic response of steel-reinforced concrete columns under different impact heights, boundary conditions, and impact velocities was obtained. The results indicate that with an increase in impact energy, the peak impact force shows an upward trend. As the impact height increases, the impact force gradually decreases, with higher forces near the end. When the mass of the impacting object is 2580 kg and the minimum velocity is 4.58 m/s, the maximum residual displacement occurs in the impact zone. Based on the simulated test results, the impact failure modes of steel-reinforced concrete columns can be classified as slight damage, moderate damage, severe damage, and critical damage. A model reflecting the changes in mechanical characteristics of steel-reinforced concrete column structures was established based on the damage states and impact resistance mechanisms at each loading stage of the column components. Active and passive protective structures were proposed.