Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer in women globally with an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020. Most cases (75–85%) are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), with a smaller proportion (15–25%) being adenocarcinomas. Persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) accounts for nearly 95% of cervical cancer cases. Specifically, HPV16 and 18 collectively contribute to about 70% of cases. A multistep carcinogenesis model outlines the progression from HPV infection to precancerous stages and eventual invasion leading to cancer. A minority of cases, primarily adenocarcinomas, develop through HPV-independent mechanisms, carrying significant implications. Preventive measures such as HPV vaccination, coupled with screening and treatment of precancerous lesions, offer effective strategies in preventing cervical cancer. This chapter aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of HPV-associated and HPV-independent cervical carcinogenesis and briefly discuss the strategies related to cervical cancer screening and prevention.