During the Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, ancient Chinese geoscience achieved a series of brilliant accomplishments. Whether it was the success in the maritime industry, the rise of coastal port cities, or the diversified needs of the powerful and noble in politics, the economy, the military and in daily life, or the positive momentum in agriculture, water conservancy, pottery, mining, alchemy and traditional Chinese medicine, all these factors propelled the development of ancient Chinese geography to new heights. Precious documents recording the sources of rivers and daily phenological observations during this period have been found, and branches of geography such as local chronicles, cartography, hydrology, meteorology and climatology all made significant progress.