The health quality in the early stage of life has a significant impact on people’s health and development, population quality, and human capital. Fetal and early childhood dysplasia has an immediate and long-term impact on the whole life course of human beings. A large number of epidemiological and animal studies have shown that early exposure to malnutrition or harmful environmental factors in the early development can lead to permanent changes in body physiology and metabolism, resulting in an increased risk of adult chronic diseases such as obesity in adulthood, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cognitive impairment in adult stage, which occurs during the window period of fetal development, namely, the developmental origin of health and disease. In the critical window period of fetal development, maternal intrauterine malnutrition is related to children’s coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease), schizophrenia, pulmonary dysfunction, hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, overweight, and obesity in adulthood. Most fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction show compensatory growth after birth. Low-birth-weight babies combined with catch-up growth after birth significantly increase the risk of childhood hypertension and adult chronic diseases such as diabetes. Chronic diseases have become a major public health problem affecting the health of China’s population. With the rapid aging and aging of the aged of China’s population, the absolute number of chronic diseases will rise sharply. Therefore, preventing and delaying the occurrence and development of chronic diseases in the elderly and improving the healthy life expectancy of the whole population are the major national demand problems faced by China at present and in the future.