Thermodynamic calculations in the context of cement and concrete involve the application of principles from chemical thermodynamics to predict and understand the reactions and phase developments within these materials. These calculations are crucial for determining the stability of different phases at various temperatures, pressures, and chemical environments. By using tools such as Gibbs free energy minimization and reaction path modeling, researchers can simulate the hydration of cement, formation of hydration products, and potential for deleterious reactions such as alkali–silica reaction (ASR) or delayed ettringite formation. This scientific approach allows for the optimization of cement chemistry to enhance durability and performance, especially under severe conditions like extreme temperatures, high salinity, or aggressive chemical exposures (Taylor 1997).