Thermal treatment in the context of cement and concrete refers to the controlled application of heat to enhance material properties or simulate environmental conditions. This process involves either pre-curing heating to accelerate hydration and strength development, or post-curing heat treatments to enhance durability and resistance to environmental stressors. The mechanisms underlying thermal treatment involve changes in the microstructure of cement paste, such as the promotion of more complete hydration, the refinement of pore structure, and the modification of calcium–silicate–hydrate (C-S-H) phases. These changes can significantly influence the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, especially under severe conditions such as freeze–thaw cycles, chemical exposure, and thermal variations that typically degrade concrete structures over time (Taylor 1997).