Sulfate attack on cement and concrete is a chemical reaction that occurs when sulfates (SO 4 2−) in external sources, such as soil, groundwater, or sea water, react with components within the cement. This interaction primarily involves the reaction of sulfates with calcium aluminates in the cement to form ettringite and gypsum, expansive minerals that can lead to cracking, spalling, and ultimately, structural failure. The severity of sulfate attack depends on several factors, including the type of cement, the presence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and environmental conditions such as moisture and temperature, which can accelerate or retard the reaction kinetics. Under severe conditions, such as in marine environments or in soils with high sulfate content, the rate and extent of degradation can increase significantly, posing serious challenges for concrete durability (Skalny et al. 2002).