The environmental impacts of cement and concrete production are significant, given that these materials are among the most widely used in the construction industry globally. Key environmental concerns include the substantial emission of CO 2 during cement production, depletion of natural resources, energy consumption, and the generation of waste. Cement production is one of the largest sources of industrial CO 2 emissions, primarily due to the calcination of limestone and the burning of fossil fuels. The environmental footprint of concrete extends from the extraction of raw materials to its disposal at the end of its life, influencing ecosystems, water quality, and air pollution levels.