Adhesion in the context of cement and concrete refers to the bonding strength between the concrete and other materials (such as reinforcements, different layers of concrete, or repair materials) and also internally among its own components (cement, aggregate, and water). This fundamental property determines the integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially under challenging conditions. Adhesion is affected by several factors including the nature of the materials being bonded, surface roughness, the presence of contaminants, and the specific characteristics of the cement paste. Effective adhesion ensures that concrete can withstand loads and stresses without delamination or spalling, which are critical for long-term performance.