Air pollution is a critical global health and environmental crisis, contributing to an estimated 8.1 million premature deaths in 2021, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), from both ambient and household sources, accounts for over 90% of this burden. The majority of air pollution-related deaths are linked to noncommunicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Beyond these well-documented effects, growing evidence suggests that air pollution may be implicated in reproductive, neurological, and oncological disorders. The burden is unequally distributed, with low- and middle-income countries experiencing the highest exposures and the fewest protections. Vulnerable populations, especially women and children in disadvantaged areas, face compounded risks due to both environmental exposure and systemic inequities. This chapter investigates the intersection between air pollution, maternal and child health, and socioeconomic status. It synthesizes findings from epidemiology, toxicology, and social science to illuminate the multifaceted harm of air pollution and the urgent need for targeted interventions. Emphasizing environmental justice, the chapter advocates for equitable policies that prioritize the health of those most at risk and address the structural factors that perpetuate environmental and health disparities.