This chapter examines the role of decolonization and equity in transforming global health research, with a focus on epidemiology. It argues that the colonial origins of global health continue to shape its priorities, methodologies, and structures, often marginalizing low- and middle-income countries and indigenous knowledge systems. Decolonizing health research is presented as a necessary process to dismantle these entrenched power imbalances, ensuring that all populations are fairly represented and benefit from research. The chapter discusses how integrating decolonized methodologies and equitable practices can promote healthy behaviors and prevent illness by fostering culturally sensitive, community-driven interventions. Through case examples, the chapter also demonstrates how these approaches can lead to more inclusive and effective health outcomes, particularly for marginalized populations. It also addresses opposing views, arguing that decolonization and equity enhance, rather than compromise, scientific rigor. Finally, the chapter offers policy recommendations to promote equitable funding, inclusive leadership, and collaborative research practices in global health.