Antibiotic misuse in livestock production poses a significant threat to public health, contributing to antimicrobial resistance and illness. This chapter delves into the progress made in regulating antibiotic use in food animals, with a focus on Europe and Africa as representatives of developed and developing regions. While European countries have implemented stringent regulations and achieved substantial reductions in antibiotic use, many African nations lack robust regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. The One Health approach emerges as a crucial strategy in addressing this complex issue, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. The implications of antibiotic regulation in food animal production extend beyond antimicrobial resistance, influencing animal welfare, environmental health, and global health equity. Notably, these regulations have spurred innovations in animal husbandry practices, potentially reducing the transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans. However, challenges remain in balancing the need for antibiotic reduction with ensuring appropriate therapeutic use and addressing potential economic impacts on farmers. The chapter underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in health promotion efforts and the need for improved surveillance systems to guide evidence-based policies. It also highlights the urgent need for global cooperation, context-specific interventions, and continued research to combat antibiotic misuse in livestock production and its far-reaching consequences for public health and illness prevention.