Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, located in the eastern part of inland Asia and the western part of China, spans approximately 1.6 million square kilometers, making it China’s largest province. Encircled by towering mountains, Xinjiang’s landscape is characterized by the “three mountains and two basins” configuration: the Altai Mountains to the north, the Tianshan Mountains centrally, and the Kunlun and Altun Mountains to the south. The region is divided into northern and southern parts by the Junggar Basin between the Altai and Tianshan Mountains, and the Tarim Basin situated between the Tianshan, Kunlun, and Altun Mountains. The Tabatai Mountains and the Pamir Plateau mark the northwest and southwest respectively. Numerous expansive and flat basins and valleys, such as the Ili Valley, Baicheng Basin, Yanqi Basin, and Turpan Basin, punctuate the Tianshan Mountains. The southern mountains often exceed 4000 meters in height, the Altai Mountains surpass 3000 meters, and the elevation of the Junggar Basin generally reaches about 2000 meters, with several peaks soaring up to 6000 meters. The central basins and plains are undulating; the Tarim Basin is higher in the west and lower in the east, with elevations ranging from 760 to 1500 meters. Conversely, the Junggar Basin is higher in the east and lower in the west, spanning elevations of 500–1000 meters. The Turpan Basin, the lowest among the intermountain basins, features Lake Ayding at −154 meters below sea level, the lowest point on Chinese land. Due to the arid continental desert climate, rivers are sparse and vegetation is scarce, predominantly consisting of quicksand, gobi deserts, and bare saline soil, with low-lying areas forming salt marshes or inland saltwater lakes.