As concerns over extreme climate change, severe environmental pollution, and the risk of unexpected disasters grow, people have begun to dream of leaving Earth to live on other celestial bodies. With recent advancements in rocket technology, the prospect of humans reaching and settling on nearby celestial bodies, such as the Moon and Mars, is becoming increasingly realistic. But is it truly possible to terraform the Moon and Mars into habitable environments where humans can reside for extended periods? For terraforming to succeed, it would be essential to cultivate food crops and establish a stable food supply, just as on Earth. However, the space environment beyond Earth is vastly different from our planet’s conditions, making crop cultivation a major challenge. So, what factors must we consider to successfully grow plants in space?