The Union Budget 2025 lays out four key pillars to accelerate India’s Journey towards “Viksit Bharat @2047”—Agriculture, MSMEs, Investment, and Exports. This research is concentrated to the first one, i.e., Agriculture and examines the Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) in India, concentrating on the viability, financial advantages, environmental effects, and socio-economic consequences. Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) in India has been evolving to address food security and resource challenges, offering year-round production and reduced water/land usage, with potential for increased yields and quality. Crop-rotation, polyculture, use of bio-manures are among the indigenous CAE practices being adopted in India for centuries. Although CEA methods such as hydroponics, vertical farming, automation, and greenhouse systems present improvements in efficiency and yield, this review emphasizes the extent to which they can address the food-related challenges faced by the nation, including climate impacts on agriculture, food shortages, and inefficient land usage. Some of the challenges to the implementation of these approaches include large initial investments, technical gaps in knowledge, and an unstable energy infrastructure. In addition, limited localized research on resource usage, profitability of crops, and the feasibility of large-scale implementation of these systems in urban and rural India are some of the challenges to their implementation. These challenges need to be addressed through reforming government policies, enhancing access to renewable energy, and capacity-building efforts. Also, there is a requirement for localized pilot experiments and research in the field to evaluate the feasibility of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) systems in India's diverse socio-economic and climatic settings. For CEA to have a substantial impact on India's agricultural sector, there is an imperative need to make particular changes, such as subsidies, policy reform, use of renewable energy, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building, and infrastructure investment to support sustainable agriculture development.