At the beginning of this century, the iron ore exports to China increased significantly, an event commonly referred to as the China boom. This led to unprecedented illegal mining on otherwise ecologically sensitive government-owned lands. Production had gone up in the regular mines without being approved under the environmental laws. These events caused unprecedented damage to the environment, infrastructure and generated windfall profits for some opportunists in the Bellary sector of Karnataka, India during 2005–2011. The Honorable Supreme Court of India (HSCI) in a Writ Petition 562 of 2009 of Samaja Parivartan Samudaya and Special Leave Petition (SLP)-7366-7367of 2010 of Govt of Andhra Pradesh, passed several orders for the regulations of illegal mining, restoration of ecosystems, infrastructure, sustainable mining and other measures followed by legal remedies. Mining, one of the most destructive industries, contributed to the degradation of all major environmental components, like land, water and air. Illegal mining, including the excessive illegal extraction of iron ore resulted in severe environmental hazards in the impact zone of the Bellary-Hospet-Sandoor Sector since 2002 onwards. There are two broad categories of regulations enacted to mitigate the negative effects of pollution, improvement of infrastructure, and promote scientific and sustainable mining. These include (a) regulations applicable within the leased area, including interventions and (b) regulations outside the leased area in the impact zone. The first category of regulations proposes/recommends the preparation of a Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan (R&R plan) for individual leases with specific guidelines for implementation. The R&R plan includes of fixing the “maximum allowable annual production” (MPAP), restoration of ecosystem and other parameters for each mine. The MPAP for each mining lease would be determined based on (a) the iron ore reserves available in that mining lease at the time of fixing the MPAP, (b) the leased area available for active overburden/waste dumps and also low-grade iron ore dumps, (c) the roads/infrastructures available for transportation of ore from the concerned mining concession area, and (d) limiting the MPAP to the Ceiling cap of the respective district. The sum of MPAPs of all operating mines should not be allowed to exceed the Ceiling cap of that District. In any circumstances, if it is exceeded, the MPAP for each lease shall have to be reduced on pro rata basis. In 2021–22, about 49.5 million tons of ores were moved on roads within the impact zone using 1,687,825 trucks. This equates to an average transport of 141,435 tons (MT) of iron ore by an average of 4825.0 trucks from the mining leases and processing facilities to various destinations daily. After a series of investigations and reports of Lokayuktha of Karnataka, the HSCI took note of large scale of illegalities, unprecedented environmental damages and directed the leaseholders to stop mining since July 29, 2011 and to take measures to restore the ecology of the operating and non-operative mining leases at their cost under the supervision of Monitoring Committee appointed by HSCI. In principle, the rehabilitation method for iron and manganese ore mines are the same. The task of preparation of R&R plans for all the mines in the Bellary sector had been assigned to the Indian Council of Forest Research and Education, Dehradun (ICFRE). The HSCI has also appointed Monitoring Committee (MC), of which, author is one of the three members, assigning the task of monitoring of implementation of the R&R plans and E-auction of iron ore from leases, stockyards and others. In this chapter, various engineering structures and biological measures to restore the ecology and biodiversity of all the leases are discussed. In total, an area of approximately 10,913 hectares with 126 mines has already been rehabilitated at a cost of INR 36,280.0 million and remaining 40 leases are under process of rehabilitation, all at the cost of lessees. Various works in mines are documented photographically. The evaluation of successful species that perform well has also been documented and listed. A mine’s work summary is also updated to indicate the progress of works. The successful implementation of the R&R plans in Karnataka is the unprecedented restoring works in running mines and being considered as a milestone in overall environmental improvement in the history of the mining sector. The author’s tireless monitoring and reporting efforts over eighteen years have resulted in successes in environmental and infrastructure improvement, mining conditions, contain to illegalities, investigation, and remediation works are also discussed in this chapter.