Biodiverse tropical forests are home to many forest-dependent human communities, with recent dynamics including inter-species differences in the impact of climate change and human socio-cultural and economic situations that depend on forest ecosystems. This chapter examines a case study of the forests of Central India. This study uses literature sources to document and analyze the inter-species dynamics of selected tree species, some of which are classified as threatened and near-threatened, in relation to climate change and the situation of forest-dependent communities at intra-species, inter-species, community, and larger spatial levels. The current socio-environmental and ecological relations in Central India are critically important and largely under-researched. Therefore, critical research is required, especially on climate change and its impact on human-forest relations. In this work, the studied species included fifty medicinal plants from Madhya Pradesh (the Central Province of India) that were assigned the Red List status of Near-threatened and above using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria based on CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Prioritization) workshops. Of these species, 13 were trees (Indian olibanum, buttercup tree, garlic pear tree, Indian laurel, Indian trumpet tree, Indian gooseberry, Indian kino tree, peelu or mithijar, gum keraya, black myrobalan, Cudduppah almond, fragrant padri tree, and arjun tree) while the others were smaller herbs, shrubs, and climbers. The acronym TNMT (Threatened and Near-threatened Medicinal Trees) is used for this group of 13 tree species based on the threat perception assigned to them. The objectives of this study were to determine the status of threatened and near-threatened medicinal trees in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, examine the degree of dependence of local communities on the TNMTs for their health, livelihood, and other socio-cultural requirements, and assess the vulnerability of TNMTs to climate change and develop adaptation and mitigation strategies against this background. The case studies covered two forest-dependent communities—Koli community in Dewas District and Saharia community of Sheopur District in western Madhya Pradesh. The study outlined their socio-cultural and livelihood dependence on the TNMTs. The second half of the chapter describes the projected impact of climate change in different parts of the state, and the perceived causes that forest fringe communities blame for the vulnerability of the TNMTs. Climate projections and people’s perceptions of regional differences in climate change are also examined. It is concluded that certain strategies are required for the survival of tree species and forest-dependent communities.