The escalating growth in science, technology, and global population has led to the rapid growth of high-rise buildings. Recent years have witnessed numerous building fire accidents worldwide, resulting in profound human losses. The investigation of building resistance under fire events is crucial for mitigating such risks. For assessing structural fire behavior, it is greatly significant to understand the concrete behavior, when it is exposed to higher temperature. Construction materials such as concrete with higher grades, high-performance concrete (HPC), and 3D printed concrete (3DCP) are gaining prominence in high-rise buildings. Understanding the thermal and fire behavior of these different types of concrete is vital for ensuring the safety and resilience of modern structures. Hence, in this paper, thermal behavior such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity and fire behavior of plain concrete (PC), HPC, and 3D printed concrete which are subjected to elevated temperature are studied. Tests are performed on furnace exposed for a temperature range of 100–800 °C. The temperature monitoring was carried out for reaching the uniform temperature throughout the concrete specimens. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are used for determining the changes in concrete strength of exposed specimens. This research intention is to contribute the useful insights to the field of fire safety in buildings.