With the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Chinese people have stood up since then. A new long march towards national rejuvenation began. The world is generally constituted by three essential elements: people, wealth, and materials. To achieve such a formidable goal as national rejuvenation, it is critical to put the relationship between these three elements into perspective and to consider them appropriately. People, i.e., the general population, constitute the most important element. All sectors of the society are concerned about how a population changes and the direction in which it develops. After 1949, the population question caught the particular attention of a group of far-sighted scholars.