When excavation is carried out under high stress environment, the external disturbance will change the stress field of the surrounding rock, which may lead to potential engineering damage such as large deformation and large displacement of the free surfaces of the engineering surrounding rock, and even cause instability damage, rockburst and other engineering disasters. In order to find out the mechanical response and internal mechanism of damage and failure of rock triggered by dynamic disturbance, an electro-hydraulic servo triaxial test system for dynamic disturbance loading was developed and modified independently. Then, the modified equipment was used to carry out triaxial cyclic dynamic disturbance tests on red sandstone samples with different disturbance frequencies, amplitudes, and different levels of confining pressures. The characteristics of the stress–strain curves and stress-time curves of the rock samples, the influence of the frequency and amplitude of the cyclic dynamic disturbance on the mechanical response, the damage evolution during the disturbance process, the failure modes of the rock samples after loading, and the confining pressure effect were analyzed based on the experimental results.