Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Indian rosewood), a keystone species of India’s tropical forests, holds significant ecological and economic value. Despite its wide distribution across diverse habitats, the species faces severe population declines due to centuries of over-harvesting for its premium timber. Characterised by slow growth (requiring 80–160 years to reach harvestable size) and poor natural regeneration (due to biotic pressures and habitat loss), this vulnerable (IUCN) and CITES Appendix II-listed species produces durable, decorative heartwood prized for high-end furniture, musical instruments and specialty wood products. This chapter synthesises current knowledge on its biological traits (phenology, pollination ecology and reproductive biology), utilisation patterns (historical and contemporary) and silvicultural management. We highlight critical conservation challenges and propose integrated strategies combining in situ protection, assisted regeneration, policy interventions, molecular studies and adaptation in agroforestry to ensure sustainable utilisation and conservation.