As I mentioned in the previous lecture, there are three approaches to studying philosophyPhilosophy, namely question-oriented one, times-oriented one and school-oriented one, each having its own strengthsStrengths and weaknessesWeaknesses. The question-oriented approach is certainly good, but it is used inconveniently in this lecture. Therefore, in the last chapter of introductory lecturesLectures, I focused on the key issuesKey issues of Confucian philosophyPhilosophy as a supplementSupplement. No doubt the times-oriented approach has weaknesses, but it is used appropriately in the lecture. So we adopt this approach in every chapter of the lecture. We can’t get a general idea without sketching out the main points of the lecture first. Now a brief description of the Confucian changesConfucian changes for 2,500 years is intended to give you a general meaning in advance. It’s a very long subject, so my lecture is planned to be divided into two chapters. The previous chapter starts from ConfuciusConfucius to the Tang dynastyTang dynasty; the next chapter is from the Northern Song dynastyNorthern Song dynasty up to now.