The development of the internet has brought significant transformations to human life and production. Over the past decade, smart terminal devices (such as smartphones, laptops, automotive devices, and wearable devices) have gradually become the main access platforms for the internet. With the massive proliferation of smart terminal devices, there has been an emergence of large-scale and diverse applications on the user side. These applications are often computationally intensive, delay-sensitive, or energy-sensitive, including image processing, facial recognition, augmented reality, autonomous driving, computer vision, interactive games, and panoramic live streaming. Consequently, handling delay-sensitive and computationally intensive applications has become a primary task for terminal devices. However, due to the limitations of the hardware in these devices, such as limited battery capacity, storage capacity, and computing resources, they are unable to independently support the operation of these applications.