Critical minerals and metals will be essential components in the deployment of clean energy technologies as the clean energy transition progresses, with estimates of their demand set to soar. However, proven reserves, as well as processing facilities, are geographically concentrated in a small number of countries. This chapter addresses the following research question: how will the emerging market structure for critical minerals develop: will producers and consumers compete, cooperate, or cartelise? The chapter contributes to the literature by exploring frameworks to describe some possible outcomes of market evolution based on characteristics of the current critical mineral market, preconditions for competition, cooperation or cartelisation, and case studies. This chapter draws on insights from collusive oligopolies in the international market for oil and gas.