Recently, there has been substantial interest in the conversion of waste biomass into synthesis gas (syngas) as a renewable energy resource that would provide a viable option for not only energy production but waste disposal. Innovative uses have been developed in using microbes as a technology for generating syngas utilizing functionalized microbes that convert biomass to important syngas components including hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Microbial production of syngas has promising opportunities due to the decrease in energy requirements, selective product generation, and the ability to use multiple substrates such as agricultural residues, animal waste, and renewable feedstocks. This chapter highlights recent updates in microbial approaches to producing syngas—capturing microbially derived syngas from previously unexplored microbe families, expanding microbial gene engineering methods, and bioreactor development to improve syngas production. Syngas production using fermentation-based microbes can catalyze potential production pathways that can improve the efficiency in collaboration with thermochemical and biological processes (pyrolysis, partial oxidation, hydrogasification) to increase yield. Key bottlenecks at scale and in applications will be provided along with future approaches to enhance microbial strain and microbial process optimizations, and economic philosophies to scale microbial syngas to a commercial and economic standalone treatment options.