Fundamental Principles of Medical Ethics
摘要
The field of ethics rapidly evolved from its initial concern with professional conduct and codes to include research ethics, public health ethics, organisational ethics, and clinical ethics, reflecting its extensive contemporary scope. This transformation was driven by unfortunate abuses in research, medical interventions without informed consent, and experimentation during World War II. Simultaneously, significant advancements in medicine and technology, as well as societal changes, expanded bioethics to encompass research ethics, public health ethics, organisational ethics, and clinical ethics [1]. Ethics is the study of moral principles and decisions, and how to apply them. Normative ethics asks, “What moral standards should we use and why? What justifies our choices?” [2].