Sonochemical methods are an environmentally clean and an energy-efficient method of synthesizing nanoparticles. These methods can be utilized to produce them through various means such as radical formation, sonofragmentation, and nucleation. Most of these mechanisms are made possible due to a phenomenon known as acoustic cavitation, which is the nucleation, growth and implosion of bubbles. During this process, very high local temperatures and pressure are generated, while not influencing the bulk temperature significantly. Sonochemical methods are propelled by ultrasonic transducers of various forms which include the bath, probe and cup horn sonicators. Although ultrasonication is a popular method for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, polymeric and crystalline nanoparticles, industrially it has only been used widely to disperse agglomerates. However, during dispersion microscale agglomerates can be made in to nanoscale particles with long term storage capability and stability. In this book chapter we discuss about the mechanisms of acoustic cavitation, nanoparticle synthesis through pathways such as nucleation, radical formation and sonofragmentation and scalability of the process. Synthesis and modification of certain nanoparticles have also been looked into with examples. Furthermore, scalability is of extreme importance for large scale production and industrialization. Here, we discuss ways in which sonochemical methods can be introduced in to already existing systems to efficiently synthesize nanoparticles.