Bioremediation is a green remediation approach that uses biological agents for the degradation or detoxification of pollutants in the environment. Among other pollutant-degrading enzymes capable of working on a wide range of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticidesPesticides, phenols, dyes, plastics, and pharmaceutical residues including reductasesLaccases-reductases, laccases-reductasesReductases, monooxygenasesMonooxygenases and dioxygenasesDioxygenases, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), hydrolasesHydrolases, esterasesEsterases, phosphatasesPhosphatases, lipasesLipases, amylasesAmylases, lyasesLyases, ureasesUreases, nitroreductasesNitroreductases, PETasesPETases, and oxygenasesOxygenases. To facilitate the breakdown and detoxify environmental toxins, this research focuses on the enzymatic breakdown of environmental pollutants using extremozymesExtremozymes. There are enzymes called “extremozymesExtremozymes,” which come from microorganisms that survive in extreme conditions. The industrial water treatment process employs microbes that break down these pesticidesPesticides and remove the heavy metals in water to meet green standards. The review encompasses the classification and diversity of extremophiles, focusing on some enzymes such as leases, laccases, and peroxidases for breaking down numerous compounds. It also gives the molecular adaptations of the extremophiles and discusses the role of the extremozymesExtremozymes in bioremediation for increasing access to valuable metals for industrial use. Different types of extremozymesExtremozymes include thermoenzymes, halophilic enzymes, acidoenzymes, alkyloenzymes, and psychrophilic enzymes. They maintain stability in high temperatures, salinity, and pH, under which most of the enzymes are denatured. Due to the excellent catalytic efficiency of the extremozymesExtremozymes and their ability to act on a broad spectrum of substrates that includes recalcitrant pollutants, they are particularly fit for bioremediation processes at extreme conditions. They are also micro-factories with the ability to synthesize biomolecules through genetic and biotechnological means. It will summarize the discussion of innovative approaches toward the improvement of bioremediation using enzymatic engineering, namely by improving enzyme activity and genetically altering the microbial strains toward increasing productivity.

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Enzymatic Degradation of Pollutants

  • Gaurisha Tripathi,
  • Aliza Irfan,
  • Gauri Raj,
  • Debasish Kar

摘要

Bioremediation is a green remediation approach that uses biological agents for the degradation or detoxification of pollutants in the environment. Among other pollutant-degrading enzymes capable of working on a wide range of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticidesPesticides, phenols, dyes, plastics, and pharmaceutical residues including reductasesLaccases-reductases, laccases-reductasesReductases, monooxygenasesMonooxygenases and dioxygenasesDioxygenases, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), hydrolasesHydrolases, esterasesEsterases, phosphatasesPhosphatases, lipasesLipases, amylasesAmylases, lyasesLyases, ureasesUreases, nitroreductasesNitroreductases, PETasesPETases, and oxygenasesOxygenases. To facilitate the breakdown and detoxify environmental toxins, this research focuses on the enzymatic breakdown of environmental pollutants using extremozymesExtremozymes. There are enzymes called “extremozymesExtremozymes,” which come from microorganisms that survive in extreme conditions. The industrial water treatment process employs microbes that break down these pesticidesPesticides and remove the heavy metals in water to meet green standards. The review encompasses the classification and diversity of extremophiles, focusing on some enzymes such as leases, laccases, and peroxidases for breaking down numerous compounds. It also gives the molecular adaptations of the extremophiles and discusses the role of the extremozymesExtremozymes in bioremediation for increasing access to valuable metals for industrial use. Different types of extremozymesExtremozymes include thermoenzymes, halophilic enzymes, acidoenzymes, alkyloenzymes, and psychrophilic enzymes. They maintain stability in high temperatures, salinity, and pH, under which most of the enzymes are denatured. Due to the excellent catalytic efficiency of the extremozymesExtremozymes and their ability to act on a broad spectrum of substrates that includes recalcitrant pollutants, they are particularly fit for bioremediation processes at extreme conditions. They are also micro-factories with the ability to synthesize biomolecules through genetic and biotechnological means. It will summarize the discussion of innovative approaches toward the improvement of bioremediation using enzymatic engineering, namely by improving enzyme activity and genetically altering the microbial strains toward increasing productivity.