The overall aim of this chapter is to reflect on land governance in Sudan and the question of resilient livelihood in rural areas. The investigation explores the condition of land-related institutions and legal frameworks in the country. Land governance is a complex issue intertwined with social, political, environmental, and economic factors, requiring comprehensive understanding of these dynamics. Land ownership in Sudan has long been characterized by inequality. Traditional land tenure systems are affected by government policies, laws, conflict, displacement, and climate change. The chapter basic inquiry is to find possible answers to the questions related to the characteristics of land tenure, land institutions and practices in rural Sudan. The chapter methodology relied on an analysis of available information, including both primary and secondary sources, such as interviews with multiple actors including, individual experts, officials and groups of the community including tribal leaders, land lords and land users. A qualitative approach of structured interviews and focus group discussion was conducted to get feedback on current land tenure systems, land institutions, and governance practices was gathered. Additionally, consultations with stakeholders at both the individual and community levels were carried out. Results and findings indicated the complexity of land governance in the country as several land legislation, Land Acquisition Act, Land Law and Interim National Constitution were implemented. The findings showed that two land tenure systems were in practice in the irrigated system and on rain-fed areas. This situation created challenges and barriers for effective governance including limited policy/legislative framework to grant secure access and user rights to local communities; especially the pastoralist communities. The chapter proposes flowing recommendations to enhance good land governance that foster resilient livelihood by developing a national policy on land and legislation that facilitates the acknowledgment of customary land rights. There also need to focus on integrating marginalized communities, including displaced persons, women, and smallholder farmers, into the land governance framework.