The management and remediation of radwaste is a pressing global concern as it is associated with environmental and human health. The physical and chemical methods for radwaste remediation are expensive and not environment friendly. The latest studies have confirmed the potential of indigenous microorganisms, more particularly bacteria in safe and efficient cleanup of radioactive contaminants. As earliest inhabitants of Earth, bacteria have demonstrated remarkable resilience in adapting to extreme environmental conditions. These microorganisms not only endure such hazardous surroundings but also actively participate in the remediation and cleanup of polluted environments. Bacteria isolated from radioactive sites present intriguing subjects that offer a unique perspective on their capabilities and the underlying mechanisms of their interactions. Understanding these mechanisms between radwaste and bacteria is of paramount importance for optimizing and enhancing the efficiency of radwaste treatment methods, which are often regarded as environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. Considering this, the chapter aims to provide a concise overview of the current understanding of the bacterial remediation mechanisms of the radwaste and its underlying radionuclide-bacterial interactions. Additionally, it emphasizes the limitations of traditional methods and underscores the significance of the diversity of indigenous bacteria for cleaning up radwaste-polluted environments. Furthermore, in advancing the technological field of radwaste management using bacteria, this chapter highlights future prospects and opportunities.