This chapter analyzes the establishment of China’s one-party system under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), arguing that the regime’s origins lie in both institutional design and revolutionary mobilization. Although not fully aligned with the decolonization trajectory outlined in this book’s analytical framework, China’s experience—shaped by its semi–colonial status, fragmented warlord rule, and prolonged civil conflict—nonetheless influenced the rise of the CCP. Initially aligned with both the Comintern and the Kuomintang (KMT), the CCP severed ties amid escalating violent conflict and ultimately retreated to rural areas, where it cultivated peasant support through land reform initiatives. Mao Zedong consolidated power during the Anti-Japanese War and used the “Rectification Movement” to unify party ideology and purge rivals. Though the CCP outwardly promoted coalition government, it moved decisively toward a one-party system following its victory in the civil war. The founding of the People’s Republic in 1949 marked a critical juncture where Mao’s revolutionary leadership, strategic use of mass mobilization, and institutional control entrenched a durable authoritarian regime rooted in party supremacy.