This chapter offers a critical examination of current graphene production techniques, drawing on an extensive review of the literature to evaluate both bottom-up and top-down approaches. Bottom-up methods, such as chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and epitaxial growth, construct graphene from molecular precursors and are known for producing high-quality, low-defect material. However, these techniques often involve costly substrates, sophisticated equipment, and significant material waste—factors that hinder scalability and broader commercial uptake. Conversely, top-down methods, including mechanical, liquid-phase, and electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, offer more accessible and scalable routes to graphene synthesis. Liquid-phase exfoliation has shown promise for low-cost, bulk production, although challenges remain in controlling flake size, layer number, and defect density. The chapter underscores the need for continued innovation to reconcile the trade-off between material quality and process scalability. By identifying key gaps in current methodologies and proposing potential research directions, this analysis aims to support the development of more efficient, sustainable, and application-oriented graphene fabrication techniques. It contributes to the foundational understanding necessary for advancing graphene-based technologies across materials science, nanotechnology, and engineering.