The performance characteristics of steel, composite, and reinforced concrete (RC) structural systems are thoroughly compared in this review paper, with an emphasis on how these systems are used in contemporary construction practices. A thorough evaluation of empirical research, case studies, and theoretical analyses that have been published in the previous years is a part of the methodology. Structural efficiency, longevity, cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and seismic resilience are among the important performance metrics evaluated. The study summarizes results from various seismic and climatic scenarios to show the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Steel is emphasized for its ductility and speed of construction, RC structures for their availability and fire resistance, and composite systems for maximizing material usage and improving load-bearing capacities. The review provides insights into the changing preferences in building practices by identifying trends in structural design and material technology. The aim of this study is to promote safer and environmentally sustainable construction methods by assisting architects, engineers, and policymakers in selecting the most suitable structural system tailored to the specific requirements of a project.