As urbanization accelerates, the demand for metro systems is increasing to provide rapid and eco-friendly transportation. The tunnel boring machine (TBM), a modern automated tool with a circular cross-section, is now preferred for urban tunnel excavation. TBMs offer advantages over traditional drilling and blasting, including high automation, continuous operation, minimal environmental disturbance, enhanced safety, and reduced costs. However, TBM performance can be affected by adverse geological conditions, which are often unknown before tunneling, leading to construction risks.