With urbanization accelerating, metro systems have become vital components of public transport infrastructure, providing significant long-term environmental, social, and economic benefits. Urban metro systems typically rely on tunnels. However, the complexity and uncertainty of underground environments introduce various risks, complicating the tunnel excavation process (Guo and Zhang in Knowl-Based Syst 227, 2021 [1]). Consequently, tunnel construction is inherently high-risk, potentially leading to severe safety issues. In China, the rapid expansion of urban rail transit has correlated with a rise in construction accidents, with 246 incidents recorded between 2002 and 2016 (Luo et al. in Math Probl Eng 2019, 2019 [2]). These accidents can result in cost overruns, project delays, and significant casualties. Despite growing attention to tunneling safety management, effective risk control remains elusive due to reliance on empirical methods that depend heavily on prior engineering experience and documentation.