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The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, often referred to as the “Third Pole,” holds immense significance as a crucial ecological and hydrological system supporting the livelihoods of nearly two billion people. Encompassing eight countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan—this region provides vital freshwater resources through its glacier-fed river systems. However, it faces increasing threats from climate change, glacial retreat, and human activities, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its dynamic environmental and socio-economic systems.

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Introduction

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Shanlong Lu

摘要

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, often referred to as the “Third Pole,” holds immense significance as a crucial ecological and hydrological system supporting the livelihoods of nearly two billion people. Encompassing eight countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan—this region provides vital freshwater resources through its glacier-fed river systems. However, it faces increasing threats from climate change, glacial retreat, and human activities, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its dynamic environmental and socio-economic systems.