The multifaceted challenges of military service significantly impact the neurological and mental health of armed forces personnel. This chapter examines common neurological ailments and their implications within the military context, highlighting the interplay of environmental, occupational, and lifestyle factors. Prevalent disorders include headache syndromes, cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), and high-altitude-related illnesses, and combat exposure, extreme climates, and unique operational conditions play a role in exacerbating these conditions. The chapter covers various lifestyle-induced disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and alcohol use, which further complicate health outcomes. Neurological infections, autoimmune disorders, and degenerative diseases pose long-term risks, often linked to stress and traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Mental health remains a cornerstone of operational readiness, which is affected by disorders like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter also highlights systemic approaches for prevention including vaccinations, nutritional interventions, and protective protocols, which play a crucial role in risk mitigation. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of rehabilitation programs for neurodegenerative and traumatic conditions, aimed at enhancing recovery and readiness. By integrating mental and physical health strategies, armed forces personnel can achieve optimal performance in demanding environments, ensuring both resilience and operational effectiveness.