Food adulteration significantly threatens public health, consumer trust, and food security worldwide. Adulteration can occur through intentional addition, substitution, or contamination of food products with cheaper or harmful substances, leading to economic fraud and potential health hazards. In this chapter, we provide an overview of various food adulterants commonly found in the food supply chain and explore methodologies for their identification. This chapter highlights the diverse range of adulterants, including chemical additives such as preservatives, antioxidants, flavor enhancers, artificial sweeteners, thickeners, and colorants. It is also discussed on their adverse effects on human health. Additionally, it discusses the significance of regulatory measures and quality control protocols in combating food fraud and ensuring food safety. Detecting typical food adulterants at home is often a considerable challenge due to the need for specialized equipment and expertise. The chapter discusses some simple experiments to detect a few common food adulterants at home.