Trace elements are present within the body in a very minute concentration, but their role in the proper functioning of the body is inevitable. Among these trace elements, few are essential as they play a role as enzymatic cofactors, maintain the structural integrity of biomolecules, and help carry out various biochemical processes. Therefore, their deficiency in the body may lead to severe pathological conditions. Trace elements also play a role in managing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, blood coagulation, inflammation, DNA synthesis, cholesterol level, neuromuscular disease, and cancer. Apart from the deficiency of these trace elements in the body, their excessive accumulation also leads to various pathological conditions. Therefore, maintaining a proper balance of these trace elements in the body by consuming a balanced diet that is essentially required for the proper functioning of the body. In this chapter, the pathophysiological significance of seven essential trace elements, namely, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, chromium, cobalt, and vanadium, has been discussed in detail.