With global warming, extreme precipitation anomalies have obviously intensified during the recent 56 years in the Loess Plateau of China, which may cause water content of loess deposit increasing sometimes. The risk of seismic landslides and large-scale mudflows in the region has been increased predominantly due to the climate change. In this paper, field investigation and exploration, in-situ rainfall tests, shaking-table tests, laboratory tests and numerical analysis were carried out to study the mechanism, characteristics, and risk assessment of rainfall related seismic landslides of loess deposit. The results shown that: (1) Extreme rainfall may saturate or wet the top layer of loess slopes within 2–3 m deep so that the shear strength of the top loess decreases dramatically. Liquefaction may trigger a mudflow in the saturated loess layer and subsidence or shallow landslides may develop in the wetting loess layer under a strong earthquake. (2) If there are vertical fissures or cracks in loess deposit of slopes, rainfall water may permeate deeper soil layer to saturate the bottom layer of a slope. The saturated bottom layer may liquefy to develop a sliding surface under the effect of strong earthquakes, along which the overburden unsaturated soil deposit would slide down for a long distance. (3) The areas with high and moderate risks of climate change related seismic landslides for the Loess Plateau under the effect of earthquakes with an exceedance probability of 10% and 2% in 50 years respectively exist in the western and southeastern plateau.