This chapter provides an overview of corn residue conversion to chemicals and biofuels, highlighting maize’s growing importance in industrial applications and bioenergy production. The structural composition of corn residue, detailing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin characteristics are discussed. Various pretreatment methods for corn residue processing, including milling, extrusion, microwave irradiation, and chemical treatments, have been described. The chapter explores the conversion of pretreated corn residue into biofuels, particularly bioethanol and biomethane, and discusses the production of high-value chemicals from corn residue, categorizing them into furans, polyols, and organic acids. The present work reviews the growth trends of corn cultivation, basic biology, and existing and upcoming innovations in corn residue processing. In conclusion, corn residue’s potential in the bio-based economy is emphasized.