The demand for sustainable waste management systems solutions has increased due to the expanding population and industrialization. This chapter explores the production of biofuels and chemicals from various types of municipal solid waste (MSW), focusing on food, plastic, pulp and paper, and poultry waste. Anaerobic digestion and gasification are two methods that can be used to turn food waste, which makes up a large amount of household waste, into biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel. Plastic waste, which is abundant in today’s world, can be converted by thermal and catalytic processes into valuable chemicals and fuels. The pulp and paper industry, which uses an extensive amount of water, can recycle its solid waste and wastewater through fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce biofuels and chemicals. The poultry industry generates a significant amount of waste, which can be converted into valuable fuels through processes such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification, thereby enhancing waste management and sustainability. This thorough analysis emphasizes the potential of converting MSW into useful resources, promoting a circular economy, and reducing environmental impact.